Democracy, Journalism And Society

Democracy, Journalism And SocietyDemocracy is define, basically as government in which the supreme power is vested in the plenty. Democracy is a very challenging form for politicians and it can be exercised by the people (Becker Raveloson). According to U.S president Abraham capital of Nebraska (1865), he once stated that government of the people, by the people, for the people. So democracy literally is a set of ideas and principles that used to protect the basic homo rights, freedom and to uphold citizenship. And in democracy, media is playing a contri andory role by informing the existence, educating voters, promoting ideas, and ensuring the government are accountable and transparent.Ever since, media has construct a forum for existence discussion and normal debate has been recognized since 17th century. And today the communication elbow room is becalm dominated by the media such as television, radio, watchwordpaper, magazine, internet and etc. No matter is old age media or contemporary loudness media, the distinctive function is still remain unchanged as media is used to disseminates information and form 2 way of communication (Crozier Huntington Watanuki, 1975). In order to obtain wider range of information, media audiences are replying on media information. For an example, voters watch TV to arrive the latest update during election campaign. In this case, from my point of view I agree with media is playing a crucial role in shaping a healthy democracy. Media audiences are more aware of various social issue, political and government activities through with(predicate) mass media.Dewey (2008) continue to argue, media also playing as a guard dog to guide of public interest over government and monitoring function. In word journalism media, watchdog is referring to an individual or group of people that come with nonion of avoiding illegal practices. This can be seen as one of unique strength in media that helps to shape a healthy democracy beca use watchdog is ensuring government accountability in democracy and access the government performance. (Coronel, 2003). Watchdog is there to against abuse of power, corruption, financial irresponsibility, assorted malfeasance and other wrongdoing that might stake the society. Example, base on the case that happen in Thailand, the investigate reports and the press has uncovered wrongdoing of the Prime Minister Thaksin Shinnawatra. ( Miranda, 2002).The strength of media in enhancing the democratic economic value is through the use of alternative media and audience involution. It became a space or forum for people to exchange of ideas, judging and the value is more clearly defined (Becker Rsvelson, 2008). This is how a contemporary media facilitate public discussion and feed into promote a democracy. Nowadays media is fundamental to offer opportunity and right for citizen to associate freely, to develop the citizen about public issue and ideology is one of the factor to motivate the party member ( Clark, 2009). Media play as an participating role in public debate and it is generally used to reflect citizens criticism, ideas, and agreement through website, phonation pop and etc.Basically a democracy requires the active participation of citizen. Ideally, the mass media is used to keep audiences engaged in the government activities. (Coronel 1994). So theres amount of political news and stories are publish or air in variety media, this allow citizens to appear on screen and speak in their own regions, express their feeling and discuss. (McNair,2000). For example radio has become the channel of choice as it is low cost and more accessible to the public which used to promote grassroots democracy. Besides that, the Vox come in, is also astray used in television and newspaper stories. The producers will pick randomly and having an interview session with the citizens on the street. Vox pop consider as a form of news coverage, which is help to shape the worldvi ew of citizen and influence the news agenda. (Grab Zhou, Barnett, 1999). As Loviglio (2002) has shown, Vox pop is a news reporting that offer 2 way public communication on a range of topics or issues, so citizens are able to talk and comment about their perception towards democracy. All the public discussion in a move to engage public and listen to the citizen voice. In the new democracies, we expect the media would build a civic culture through a tradition discussion or public debate. Besides, vox pops has make a connection between government and citizen, since every subject is mediated through authoritative voice ( Tait, 2001). It is arguable that public picture has certain impact on democracy. The rise of Vox Pop been also seen as an important element in news organisation, in term to make news more relevant in democracy.However, theres approximately argument and critics from other scholars as well. Based on the book by Lewis et. Al. (2005), they argue that vox pop do offer an opportunity for citizen to voice out their political opinion, but at the same cadence theres also some limitation. Cottle argues that even citizens participate in the following television talk show, but their voice are non been hear as always because of infrequently allowed to develop their own opinion. Citizen rarely have chance to be primary definers to provide frame work as ordinarily anchor will first introduce the topic, frame the topic area, deliver basic information as a preview.( Hall et al, 1978). Richard Tait (2004) also continue critics that vox pops is just serve as a responds to elitism news programme and more or less similar to an audience participation programme. In addition, Vox Pop allows citizen to participate and openly discuss about their common concern such as political debate, but they are more into expressing their own feeling based on their personal experience and self-interest, rather than the common good or making any improvement. (Richard, 2004). They w ill speak as a consumer but not as a citizen that flak to create a better place for their country. Nevertheless Vox Pop still has contribution in shaping a healthy democracy. It create a space for all the political view being expressed and substantive opinion to be seen. Vox pop still serve as a useful media to allow citizen participation and a way to communicate (Lewis et.al, 2005).Besides, democracy is brought about through public debate and it is undeniable of mass participation and a requirement for democratic responsiveness to public references (Sartori, 1987). Clearly every political participants attempt to control over the public opinion and structure favourable outcome to their political interest as most of the public are depending heavily on the messages that construed by the media (Callaghan Schnell,2001) So it is important to catch who control the political rhetoric, based on two scholars, Kinders Sanders (1990). They underscored how the media is structuring, interpr eting and shaping political issue in democracy. The media has emerge as a more active role in repacking the players fame and shaping the policy message. So public debates and public participation is vital to strengthen democratic institutions. In this way, citizen opinion can be considered and taken into account as one of the contributions and effort towards public debating aligned with democracy. (Coronel, 1994). Public opinion is a legal document to control politicians that expire the country, the voices must be heard.Similarly media role is primarily that helping to shape a healthy democracy in pursuit of economic growth. journalist attempt to influence, educate and inform the citizen through variety type of mainstream media, this is how media role is contributing where politicians can promote their unique policy frames and get the message across to public effectively. (Cohen et.al, 1963). Media are widely used by journalist to convey information to the general public and to e xpand their visibility in democracy, as the press has abominable influence (Callaghan Schnell, 2001). A journalist is required with professional skill in news reporting and representing divergent views, which helps to propagate peace journalism. Sen (2001) has argues that free press have greatly in assuring an accountable governance.In the other hand, the journalist are challenged by certain limitation and con filter outts by using media to promote democracy. nigh of the unethical journalist practices might causing inability to fulfil democratic function. (Coronel, 1994). At the same time, each media has gatekeepers and they might filter over the information, so not everyones voice and opinion can be heard. The gatekeepers often determine the media content and manipulate the messages, so many of the citizens opinion has been cut down. umteen voices been so frequently been ignored when the gatekeepers who are able to define the story, selecting on what issue is news value and th ey decide what to publish on the mass media (Clack, 2009). It is skeletal if the citizen can only express their criticism in a closed roomIn doing so, we move on the discussion to citizen journalist as well. Journalist and citizen journalist are two group of people that work together and it is a two way form of news. Citizen journalist is defined as general users who participate and engage in journalist practise which including blogging, photo and video sharing and article posting (Goode, 2009). In other word they are not professional journalist but they are generally associated with internet and they do sharing. Internet allows them to comment or interact with each other, and the most important thing is the freedom from state control. Nowadays media is enveloping and participating in alternative media to promote democracy, and citizen journalist is one of it. (Miller, 2004). A media democracy is basically using mass media to empower all members of society through propaganda and c itizen journalism, which citizen can participate themselves in anything by posting or sharing through their cell phone.Based on commenters Pippa Norris (2000), media function mainly as information provider and it helps to improve political engagement that consider as a positive effect of the rise of spin. From this perspective, the deregulating use of media by journalist or citizen journalist actually being beneficial to democracy.However there is scepticism about citizen journalist by some media scholars and critics. They argued that citizen journalists are reducing the quality and credibility by using media. According to Wall (2012), people have perception that citizen journalist is poor for professional news, public debate that they lack of skills to adequately serve as a watchdog on wrongdoing by powerful forces. Besides, the critic argue that citizen journalist might send word the untruth, incomplete, and untrustworthy source in misleading the media audiences. For example Th ey just publish whatever they see without finding the truth, and attempt to bring popular attention. Another strain of criticism portray that citizen journalism might reinforcing prejudice and muddling the truth, according to Coronel (1994).As a conclusion, media might have certain limitation in rules and regulation but it is possible to see media role has help to enhance in democratic value, in the sense that media is still a powerful and fundamental element which in conclusion helps the government in making the democratic system more accountable. In many new democracies, media are still seen as a democratic tool despite the contemporary media propensity for sleaze, sensationalism and superficiality.ReferencesClack, G. (2009). Democracy in brief. Available at http//photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/dwoa_122709/Democracy-in-Brief_kor.pdf Accessed 7 haughty 2014Miller, D. (2004). System failure its not just the media- The unhurt political system has failed. Journal of Public Affairs, 1-4, pp. 374-382. Available at https//blackboard.ljmu.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-2551260-dt-content-rid-8522570_2/courses/6013MASSCO-201314-SUM/DAVIDMILLAR%282%29.pdf Accessed 7 August 2014Miranda, R. (2002). Targeting Journalists, Philippine Journalism Review, pp16-20.Becker, P. and Ravelson, J. (2008). What is democracy? Available at http//library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/madagaskar/05860.pdf Accessed 7 August 2014Callaghan, K. and Schnell, F. (2001). Assessing the democratic debateHow the news media frame elite policy discourse, 18183-212. Available at http//www.asc.upenn.edu/usr/ogandy/C45405%20resources/Callahan%20and%20Schnell%20Assessing.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2014Coronel, S. (2003). Corruption and watchdog role of the news media. Available at http//www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/WorldBankReport/Chapter%205%20Coronel.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2014Crozier, M. and Huntington, S. and Watanuki, J. The crisis of democracy. Available at http//www.trilateral.org/download/doc/ crisis_of_democracy.pdf. Accessed 7 August 2014