Confidential Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classified Analysis - Essay Example As indicated by an investigation by ACER Leadership Center, (ACER Leadership Center, Australia), â€Å"Partnerships between key pioneers in training, business and the more extensive network are particularly important.† Inclusion of network pioneers as accomplices in the administration of a school will profit in instruction and work for the understudies and making social congruity and monetary prosperity at both individual and network levels. The school gets the opportunity to profit by the aptitude and experience of pioneers in different fields. Most importantly, the commitment of the givers must be remembered while distinguishing network pioneers in the school network. Without the liberal and proceeded with help of the benefactors, it would neither have been conceivable to begin or run the school, the manner in which it has been done every one of these years. Supporting the school and finding a way to guarantee its financial assets are set up is the initial step to enabling the school and the understudy network. In this way, the job of the money related supporters as network pioneers must not be sabotaged. Next would be the job of Natural Resource Program Consultant. As a pioneer in humanism, the advisor would have the option to direct the school towards better comprehension of the social issues in the territory, and approaches to manage them. The advisor would enable the youngsters to use the accessible labor and different assets in the region to support the understudy network. In 2006, The University of Colorado Foundation, the charitable accomplice of the University of Colorado, declared that long-lasting Denver community and business pioneers Joel Edelman and Robert â€Å"Bob† Willis had joined the Foundation staff. As a specialist Edelman helped the University of Colorado’s School of Medicine migrate to Fitzsimons and led the creation and dispatch of another nursing program for Metropolitan State College of Denver. (CU Foundation Taps Denver Community

Tomorrow When the War Began free essay sample

At the point when the War Began,† is an Australian tale that speaks to how eight conventional young people react to an unexpected intrusion. John Marsden’s most noteworthy quality as an essayist is his grip of character; indeed he has made and built ground-breaking convincing characters that intrigue to the perusing crowd from numerous points of view. He offers to the peruser by utilizing the accompanying strategies, first individual account, helpful characters, profound quality and authority. John Marsden has a wide range of, innovative approaches to compose a story, yet for this situation he has decided to compose â€Å"Tomorrow, When the War Began† with one of the primary characters (Ellie) describing from first individual. Ellie (the narrator) is a seventeen-year-old nation young lady, conceived and raise on a dairy cattle and sheep ranch. Ellie is a characteristic chief, she doesn’t decide to be, that’s simply the manner in which she is. On page 20, Ellie give her first indication of authority as they climbing their way down Satan’s Steps, Ellie gives a persuasive discourse saying, â€Å"Guys, I don’t know whether its conceivable or not yet there’s a lot of individuals round Wirrawee who state it is. We will compose a custom paper test on Tomorrow When the War Began or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that you accept the narratives, there was an old ex-killer lived in there for a long time †the Hermit from Hell. On the off chance that some beneficiary can do it we sure can. I figure we should do as well as can possibly be expected. Lets make like dressmakers and get the take care of there. † The indications of pioneer transport appeared in this discourse are, support and a never surrender demeanor. This makes Ellie associate with the crowd since she is solid, sure, inspirational character. Another engaging viewpoint is the manner by which the book goes on the characters change, they rise up out of their normal selves to pioneers/warriors that take on jobs and do things they wouldn’t have done previously. For instance, on page 90 when Ellie exploded three warriors by burning down a ride on cutter, she didn’t won’t to do it however she had as well, in the event that she needed spare her companions. Another principle character to step up and take initiative was Homer. Homer began as a troublemaker, a joker. He would consistently get up to fiendishness, however as the war goes on he develops rapidly and become pioneer loaded with strategic plans. For instance on page 249 Homer thought of a shrewdness intend to explode the extension by utilizing a similar technique Ellie had with the garden trimmer. The war rolled out Homer improvement for good, and furthermore helped him uncover the concealed pioneer within him. Homer wasn’t the just one to develop, the entirety of the eight adolescents did. They made some intense memories and saw terrible things that nobody ought to need to see, yet it was these encounters that helped them develop and become more grounded characters for what's to come. They are altogether courageous and over come their feelings of trepidation, some speedier than others. On page 240 Fi says, â€Å"I know intelligently that we ought to do this and we ought to do that. Be that as it may, all I know is the idea of anything causes my nose to drain. All I truly need to do is go to the recluses hovel and cover up under his rotten globule till this is finished. † This shows how terrified Fi truly is during the war, however then she conquers her dread and goes with Ellie to get the oil big hauler to explode the extension. The entire gathering was valiant with the methodology they had of retaliating and despite the fact that they had their hick ups en route they figured out how to get through as a gathering to explode connect. Ellie battles with what is good and bad, however these are the issues that structure a significant and moving piece of the early novel. She says I had blood on my hands, similar to the Hermit, and similarly as I couldnt tell whether his activities were fortunate or unfortunate, so too I couldnt determine what mine were. Had I murdered out of affection for my companions, as a component of a respectable campaign to save loved ones and keep our property free? Or then again had I murdered in light of the fact that I esteemed my life over that of others? Would it be OK for me to execute twelve others to keep myself alive? A hundred? A thousand? When did I sentence myself to Hell, on the off chance that I hadnt effectively done as such? The Bible just said Thou shalt not murder, at that point recounted to several accounts of individuals slaughtering one another and turning out to be legends, similar to David and Goliath. That didnt help me much. I didnt feel like a lawbreaker, yet I didnt feel like a legend either. Ellie accepts she has done an inappropriate thing by slaughtering the warriors, yet later in the book Home states â€Å"this is war now and ordinary guidelines don’t apply. These individuals have attacked our territory, bolted up our families. The second they left their nation to come here they recognized what they were doing. They’re the ones who destroyed the standard book, not us. † This clarifies on the off chance that they need to endure they need to push the limits and disregard their ethics. John Marsden has successfully made eight young characters bid to his understanding crowd. Utilizing his composing aptitudes and procedures he builds up his characters to develop, develop and gain from their encounters, which causes them endure.

The Importance of Reading College Essay Examples

The Importance of Reading College Essay ExamplesWriting an essay can be fun, and many writers find that college essay examples help them with this task. To be clear, college essays are not just about words. While a good essay is a combination of a good writer and a great topic, there is also the writing itself. It must be written in a style that conveys what you want your reader to understand, while still having room for your own voice.Writing a good essay can seem like a long and difficult task. After all, no one likes a turgid, monotonous experience. However, many of the greatest writers from the past did not have advanced degrees, or even degrees in English. In fact, many of the greatest writers were not even English majors.One way to become familiar with different types of writing is to read essay examples from the best writers in history. Take the time to read some of the essay examples of famous authors, then take a look at how the essay you are thinking of writing is written. Your goal should always be to come up with a better essay, but before you do that, you need to understand how to write a good essay.There are several benefits to reading essay examples before you begin your own essay. One of the first benefits is that it will teach you about the proper conventions for writing an essay. If you learn how to follow conventions, you will know how to structure your essay, and how to format your paper.Another benefit of this type of exercise is that it teaches you to think before you write. In order to be able to think of a good thesis statement, you need to be able to ask yourself questions like 'What is the best way to express my point? ',' How do I best bring this point to life? ', and 'Is there a topic that my readers will enjoy?'Of course, when it comes to college essay examples, it does not matter how many questions you ask yourself. What matters is that you think about the topics that will be covered in your essay, and that you have a thesis statem ent in mind.It is important to remember that the best way to structure a good essay is to start by explaining what you want to say, and then follow that up with supporting reasons. For example, a student may need to prove that your personal life is not any different than the life of anyone else. Or, the students may need to prove that they have more intelligence and talent than their fellow students.A final benefit of reading college essay examples is that it gives you the chance to see how different types of writing styles can be used in writing a good essay. The style of writing is entirely up to you, so you should be able to work with the different types of writers and determine the style that works best for you. When it comes to the final product, this is one of the most important steps in the process of writing a good essay.

Comparing Marriage Proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr....

Comparing Marriage Proposals from Mr. Collins and Mr. Darcy from Pride and Prejudice The story of Pride and Prejudice revolves around a mother of five daughters, Mrs. Bennet, whose sole purpose is to marry off her daughters to suitable men. Jane is the eldest out of the Bennet sisters. Jane is the closest to Elizabeth from the rest of her sisters, this is because they stand on similar maturity levels, and Elizabeth is the second oldest. The main theme of the novel is based on the importance of marriage. It is important because a woman will have to marry a suitable man who can support her when her father passes away, it is equally important to men because it is important for them to keep their social status, they will do†¦show more content†¦I will begin by analysing the way in which Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth. This started because he was at an age where he was expected to get married soon, and he wanted to marry one of Mr Bennet’s daughters. He was at first interested in Jane, but as soon as he found out she may be getting together with Mr Bingley he backed off and moved onto Elizabeth ‘Mr. Collins had only to change from Jane to Elizabeth -- and it was soon done -- done while Mrs. Bennet was stirring the fire. Elizabeth, equally next to Jane in birth and beauty, succeeded her of course’. The main reasons why Mr Collins wants to marry is because he thinks it will make him happy, but more importantly, Lady Catherine de Bourgh has told him he must do so. Mr Collins’s character shows he is not actually very interested in finding a wife whom he loves and has real feelings for, he just wants one so he can say he is married. This is why he is not the ideal husband for Elizabeth, because she wants to marry for love. Later on, after he is rejected by Elizabeth, Mr Collins marries Charlotte Lucas. They marry because it is obvious they can satisfy each others needs because Collins needs a wife to present to Lady Catherine and Charlotte is in danger of becoming an old maid because she was getting older, and if she didn’t get married soon, she may not have married at all. Their contract of marriage was based on absolutely no physical attraction orShow MoreRelatedMarriage Proposals in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage Proposals in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Romance Versus Security. It is universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. These are the words of Jane Austen, and like many people of her time, she believed very much in the importance of finding a wealthy husband for young women. Jane Austens novel reflects the importance of marriage to many people around 1775. Although events such as theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Pride And Prejudice1989 Words   |  8 Pages First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice is a timeless novel that encompasses how life was for women and the act of marriage during this the early 1800’s. Elizabeth Bennet, the main character, lives with her mother, father, and sisters on the English countryside during the 1800s. Elizabeth and her sisters, from the beginning to the end of the novel, are focused on getting the attention of the right man to marry to ensure their security in regards to money and being able to provide for theirRead MoreComparing The Regency Era And The Current Decade. Class Issues, Racial Barriers, And Heredity1300 Words   |  6 PagesThere is an evident differentiation when comparing the Regency Era to the current decade. Class issues, racial barriers, and heredity are no longer as crucial of a factor as they were when Jane Austen began her literary career. In the time pe riod, she was surrounded by a copious amount of expectations; for example, a woman was expected to marry into or above her class, marry before reaching a certain age or accept the dreadful future of a spinster, and marry into the family in order to aggrandizeRead MoreJane Austen s The 19th Century Society1447 Words   |  6 Pagesconventions are held in a high regard giving off the impression that it is to be upheld in most social situations. In Elizabeth’s maturation and development throughout the book, these opening paragraphs are important in how Elizabeth’s actions stray from the social norm. As we look at the parental influences around Elizabeth, the driving forces in her formative years, we can see that they are an antithesis of each other with her mother obsessed with having her daughters married and her father veryRead MoreComparing the Three Proposals that Elizabeth Receives in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1949 Words   |  8 PagesComparing the Three Proposals that Elizabeth Receives in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice, contains many opinions given by the narrator about the characters, but the true personalities are shown in the way their feelings and words are portrayed. Austen uses dramatic irony to allow the reader to appreciate the hidden feelings of the characters. The unseen feelings of Elizabeth, Mr Darcy and Mr Collins are revealed to others in theRead MoreJane Austen s Proposal With Mr. Collins1607 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast Mr. Collins’ proposal with Mr. Darcy’s first proposal, exploring the ways in which Austen enhances our understanding of the two characters and what they represent. During the course of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813) The protagonist Elizabeth Bennet receives two marriage proposals from her cousin Mr. Collins and the prideful gentleman Mr. Darcy. Both proposals serve as commentary on view regarding marriage from the Regency era, with Collin’s methodical and satiricallyRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesBritish Literature Assignment In the novel Pride and Prejudice, author Jane Austen explores the societal expectations surrounding marriage in early 19th century England. Austen uses colorful characters to illustrate a variety of contrasting ideas about marriage and incite conflict throughout the novel. Many characters clash because of this, but perhaps the most appropriate was the conflict between Elizabeth Bennet (Lizzy) and her mother. Both remained incredibly opinionated and voiced their beliefsRead MorePride And Prejudice : A Comedy Of Characters1387 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice: A Comedy of Characters In Jane Austen s novel Pride and Prejudice, a subtle layer of comedy exists that is especially noticeable when very different characters are juxtaposed. This method is used to deepen characterization and make clear the intended satire. The distinct differences between characters help to bring out Austen’s subtle satire because the negative qualities of certain characters are more blatant when surrounded by opposing positive qualities in another characterRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay6669 Words   |  27 PagesPride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Pride and prejudice is a novel written by Jane Austen and is probably one of the most famous and best loved novels in the English language. In my essay I shall be comparing the proposals of Mr Collins and Mr Darcy to Elizabeth. A proposal is a declaration of love to one person involving powerful feelings where one cannot imagine going on in life without the other, it is also a great compliment. The central theme of the novel is marriage. As well asRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1005 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel written by Jane Austen that emphasizes several different themes. One theme that especially stood out was the idea of how love is more important than wealth and status. In the nineteenth century people married for wealth, status, and comfort. Women did not care if they were happy or married the man of their dreams as long as they had someone to support them. They did not marry for love and it was very rare to find a married couple who was really in love. Jane Austen

Police and Community Relations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2273 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Community Essay Crime Essay Relationship Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Police forces in world play a vital role in ensuring that law and order is maintained in the society. However, they face numerous challenges that hinder their performance. Despite their efforts to behave ethically as well as maintain a good image, people still perceive them as people who are knot friendly and kind. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Police and Community Relations" essay for you Create order Therefore, the relationship between community members and the police remains to be complicated (Carter and Radelet, 2002). They involve in numerous disputes as a result of the attitude they have towards each other. On the other hand, police officers have also contributed to the negative perception in the society. At some point, police treat residents in unfriendly manner. That contributes widely to the complicated relationship between police and common citizens. Factors Influencing Police-Community Relationship The department of criminal justice in the united categorizes a number of variables that influence the police-community relationship. These factors include but not limited to media, crime, police misconduct as well as the history of police relations in the society. The information displayed by the media everyday regarding criminal offences paly part in determining how people relate with the police. In most cases, the media has broadcasted issues related to extra judicial killings in the society (Scott, 2002). Viewers of this information are residents who interact with the police officers in their daily operations. As a result, the perception created in the mind of people regarding soldiers is negative. At times, the media gets in to the details of how police officers conduct their duties and expose them to the society. The negatives witnessed in the media corrupt the mind of citizens making them to view security officers as people who are not human friendly. High rate of crime on the other hand influences the relationship between common people and police officers. An increase in the rate of crime within the urban areas leads to people being jailed while others get killed in the process. It is forms a kind of antagonism between the police and citizens of the affected residents. During such situations, innocent people may find themselves having been incorporated in the crime scene (Scott, 2002). The perception such people develop has a negative effect on their relationship with the police. To add on that, high crime rates on the society may lead to limited freedom for residents as police try to restore peace and order. That means there have to be restrictions regarding time and the activities people may engage in. It becomes challenging for people to live in a restricted environment under the control of security officers. Therefore, people begin to see police as barriers towards enjoying their freedom. They develop a sense of hatred and fear towards the police, a character that is passed from one generation to the other. The idea of the passing the belief of police hatred from one generation to another can be associated with the past experience of policing in the society. There are states where people are made to fear law and law enforcers. Police are said to use excess force when dealing with people who do not comply with what law demands. As a result, the community has punts to record the negative relationship between them and the police. Children born in such regions grow in an environment where people fear interacting with police at any given point (Carter and Radelet, 2002). They end up creating social classes in the society categorizing police officers as in their own group. However, the situation is even worse when the families related to police officers suffer isolation in the community. It is difficult for them to coupe up with the rest of the population either in school or any other public place that requires people to interact. From another perspective, the relationship between the society and the police is made positive buy the existing history. In a situation k where police officers prove to be social and interactive, community members are always ready to work with them in the maintaining law and order. For instance, there are countries where police officers engage in community services with other residents to enhance community development. They get to socialize with people and learn how to understand one another. That creates an opportunity for negotiations in case one is found on the wrong the side of the law. What the society should understand is that police officers are human beings and reason out just like any other person (Scott, Crawford and LeDuc, 2016). The only difference is the type of work an individual engages into every day as a way of building the nation. The manner in which the police department handles issues related to the police, misconduct may also have an impact on the relationship they have with the community. Just like any other person would do wrong, security officers also find themselves committing crimes and being charged by law. However, their procedure of being subjected to judgement is a bit different from that of common citizens. The police department has la branch that deals with maintaining discipline among its employees (Scott, Crawford and LeDuc, 2016). Therefore, there are different measure and punishments applied to rectify wrong doers in the police industry. A strict and focused department ensures that every police officer found harassing common citizen is subjected to an equivalent punishment. By that, security officers always respect citizens and behave in a manner that portrays intelligence. Residents are very collaborative when forces do not take advantage of their position in the government to harass them. The same case happens when citizens decide to be rude and arrogant to the police. Both parties have to show respect to one another and work together without fear. Last but not least, time taken by new police officers in a region to form a positive relationship with community members also determines their long-term engagement. In some places, the police department is so quick to interact with people and form a good living environment (Crawford and LeDuc, 2016). As a result, people get used to them and take them as part of the community. On the other hand, there are places where police officers seem not to incorporate residents in their line of duty. They act as if common citizens are barriers in their line of work. Therefore, enmity is created between both parties that may last for a very long period. Beliefs adopted during the first impressions are passed from generation to generation. When people think of changing the situation, it becomes challenging since people have to start begin training children how to form a good relationship between the police and community members. Importance of Police-Community Relationship The foundation set by the policing department in society regarding their relationship with citizens defines how easy their work will be. A negative relationship is more likely to create a situation that is associated with enmity between the police and residents. It is easier and faster to eliminate criminals in a society where people are cooperative. When the citizens decide not to corporate with police officers in keeping peace, it becomes difficult for them to know where and how to find criminals (Allen and Parker, 2013). Contrary to that, collaboration between both teams is the best way to get rid of crimes in the society. At some point, people find themselves in accused for crimes they have not committed and end up in jail. The situation influences the relationship between police officers and the members of the society who claims to know the truth. Once they develop a perception on the towards security officers, they become reluctant in reporting criminals to the department. It reaches a point when people begin to take action and deal with criminals referring to their own mind judgement. Such scenarios are present in a society where community does not trust the policing department any more. Societies that experience a restrained relationship with the police is said to have a high rate of unsolved problems and disputes among members. That is due to the fact that people are ignorant in reporting information to a security department they have no trust on. Residents will always try to solve their problems by themselves at the local lev el. Afterwards, the community discovers us many unsolved cases that cause them create enmity between them and the police (Allen and Parker, 2013). In that case, they tend to associate the failure with the current security team deployed a particular area. Therefore, it is evident that the police and the society are two bodies that depend on each other to perform their duties effectively. One party cannot work on its own without relying on the other for information or action. The police-community relationship remains s essential to the development of the community at all cost. Application of Responsible Stewardship Value The Saint Leo University has six values that act as a guideline to establish a peaceful society at the university. One of the values is responsible stewardship which represents good use of available resources to initiate developing community. This value can be applied when forming a good police-community relationship (University, 2017). The world is made up of numerous resources that can be utilized by people to enhance peace and harmony in the community. The primary reason as to why people fight or engage in criminal activities is due to resource. The population very high yet the resources are scars making people to fight for their survival. Therefore, the society would experience no disputes if there were abundant resources for everyone to have a bug share. However, the police are meant to keep order in the way resources are shared and used among members of the society. The perception that people have on police officers should not be negative since they act as agents of equality in the society. If there was no law, many people would live a miserable life that is full of suffering while others would all resources by their side (University, 2017). Therefore, it makes no sense to have hate security officers who have to protect the rights of a common citizen. On the other hand, police officers should handle citizens with respect and kindness since they are also part of the society and depends on the scars resources. The relationship between the two parties should aim at making changes on how to develop the society through equality. The foundation set today of a developing community will have an effect on a number of generations to come. If the society is full of unsolved disputes and problems, the situation will dwell for a number of centuries in future. Therefore, responsible stewardship value requires everyone to take care of the available resources a nd utilize them in manner that promotes peace and the unity in the society. Recommendation The relations between police and the community is an issue of concern to many nations globally. There have been fights between the government and the residents of a country trying to deal with discrimination and harassments from the police forces (Allen and Parker, 2013). The society created as a result of negative actions from either party result to a bad relationship which is transferred from parents to children. Just like the responsibility stewardship value states, resources should not make people fights but bring them together. They should act as a sign of unity in the society. However, the police department is put in place to ensure that no one tries to take advantage of the other in sharing the national cake. In a situation where the police and residents have no trust on each other, problems may never be solved in the right manner. Law protects both the weak and the strong by equalizing their rights in the society. Therefore, everyone should strive to make the world a better p lace for tomorrows generation. The Department of police in every state has an obligation to ensure that police officers behave in the right manner to serve citizens with good faith. They should worry about how they relate with people in order to get information on current activities taking place in the society. It is advisable to ensure that people are always willing and to inform the police about the criminal activities and forwards suspected criminals to face the law (Allen and Parker, 2013). Therefore, the relationship between the police and the community will always be essential in ensuring a smooth running of a society. Conclusion To sum up the discussion, it is evident that police officers and common citizens depend on each other to enhance unity in the society. Despite the beliefs that exist regarding how police relates with residents, they play a vital role in ensuring equality among members of the society. They should not be viewed as enemies but agents of peace and unity. Therefore, a society that has no cordial relationship between the two parties can be regarded as weak and one that is not united. Everybody is has the right to live in a conducive environment that is healthy for survival. Therefore, respect, trust and humility should be the guiding principles to everyone. References Carter, D. L., Radelet, L. A. (2002). The police and the community. Upper Saddle River, NJ: prentice hall. Scott, J. D. (2002). Assessing the relationship between police-community coproduction and neighborhood-level social capital.? Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice,? 18(2), 147-166. Scott, C., Crawford, W., LeDuc, J. (2016). Advancing 21st century policing: Exploring the Phoenix Police Departments best practices for community engagement. Allen, T., Parker, M. M. (2013). Police officers and their perceived relationship with urban communities: Does living in the community influence police decisions? Social Development Issues, 35(3), 82-95. University, S. (2017). Saint Leo University six steadfast moral guidelines. Saint Leo University. Retrieved 2 December 2017 https://www.saintleo.edu/resources/student-affairs-division.aspx

The Dream of Wind Power Becoming a Reality Essay - 1303 Words

The Dream of Wind Power Becoming a Reality The United States and all of the industrialized nations were built and are currently sustained by the burning of millions of tons of fossil fuels. This method of producing power has had disastrous consequences on human beings and our environment, which include air pollution, global warming and acid rain. Ever since the realization of these consequences people all over the world have been searching for alternative energy sources that are clean and sustainable. One of these new alternative forms of power is actually an old technology reinvented, wind power. Until recently wind power was seen as a renewable resource that could work on a small scale to cut down energy costs, but which could never†¦show more content†¦However, in addition to these conventional designs there have been some rather revolutionary wind turbine designs. One such design, currently being developed by Vortec Energy, is the diffuser augmented wind turbine. This Turbine is 21 stories tall and has the unique feature of an hourglass-shaped metal shroud, which surrounds a set of rotor blades (Its an ill wind that blows no good, 21). This turbine has a power output six times that of a conventional turbine and the reason is that the shroud creates a region of low pressure that sucks air past the blades at twice the normal wind speed (Anderson, 1). Another innovative design, being developed by an Open University Team, is a vertical axis wind turbine. The advantage of this turbine over the conventional wind turbine which has a horizontal axis is that it can catch wind from any direction without being re-orientated (Its an ill wind that blows no good, 21). Both of these designs are currently being tested in several countries but if they work they will make wind power even more efficient than current technologies have been able to achieve. Another efficiency issue that wind power has had to overcome is the transportation issue. Currently, most wind power must be generated rural out areas and then sent through long wires to the city where power is consumed in large quantities. The problem is that so much energy is lost to heat when power must be transmitted through wiresShow MoreRelatedEssay about Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima1271 Words   |  6 PagesRudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima, the author uses Tony’s dreams as a way of displaying various symbols. Three symbols that are used often are weather, water, and the Golden Carp. Weather is used to represent conflict. Water represents cleansing, and rejuvenation. The Golden Carp symbolizes religion and Tony’s beliefs. Because dreams are not an exact mirror of reality, they become the perfect tool for introducing symbolism. The author uses the dream as a way to access the recurring themes of the book.Read MoreEssay on Bless Me Ultima - Dream s1358 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Dreams #9;In Rudolfo Anayas Bless Me, Ultima, the author uses Tonys dreams as a way of displaying various symbols. Three symbols that are used often are weather, water, and the Golden Carp. Weather is used to represent conflict. Water represents cleansing, and rejuvenation. The Golden Carp symbolizes religion and Tonys beliefs. Because dreams are a not an exact mirror of reality, they become the perfect tool for introducing symbolism. The author uses the dream as a way to accessRead MoreMetaphors in Their Eyes Were Watching God1611 Words   |  7 Pageswhich have different analyses. Analysis of Metaphors The book tells the story of the dreams of a young black American woman who has the beauty and characteristics of a young Caucasian woman. It starts when the young woman is a young girl and grows up under the care of his grandmother. 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A person of faith will say that ones’ life is controlled by a higher power greater than fate itself. Shannon has heard every excuse, rhyme or reason as to what exactly wills each life changing event. She occasionally agrees, yet never disagrees for reasons that would just be impolite. It is what only she knows in her heartRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess1473 Words   |  6 Pageshomogeneity of group actions associate with violence. As Alex’s narrative progresses, the musical imagery follows the decline and re-emergence of his personal identity as a function of his involvement in violence. Musical references underscore the power of violence to negate individual identity in favor of group identity, thereby illuminating the destructive effect that violence as on the human personality. 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College Athletics Essay Example For Students

College Athletics Essay Basten CollegeThe Champions of the EastA Scientific Report On Whether Athletics Should Be Instated At Basten CollegePresented By:Erich ZieglerSMC 111 Final ProjectProfessor Jay Basten4-17-01An intercollegiate athletics program at Basten College would provide many positives for the college. We would like to focus on the benefits to the majority of your students which would be spectators and athletes. These include health benefits, social benefits, and the effects on politics and race. We would also like to address the problems associated with sports. After our presentation we hope you will be confident in the positive effects an intercollegiate program will have on your institute. We will write a custom essay on College Athletics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are obvious benefits to being an athlete, specifically those related to ones health. Everybody should exercise at least three times a week in order to establish a healthy way of life. When one is part of a team, they are able to develop certain social skills that can benefit them throughout life. Also, participating in a sport can increase ones level of self-esteem. In selected patients with major depression, aerobic training can produce a substantial improvement in symptoms in a short time, (Dimeo et. al., 5) However, as important as all that is, the majority of the population at Basten College will probably not be varsity athletes. The majority will be spectators and fans. There are three main benefits to being a spectator. The first is the effects on academics. According to Karla Henderson watching sports or athletic events increases endorphin release in the brain, resulting in a higher aptitude and concentration level. So students have the ability to focus longer and retain more information while studying or attending class. The second reason deals with females personal identity. According to Linda Marsa, Participation in sports pays big dividends physically, psychologically, and emotionally. Extensive research shows that girls who are involved in athletics boost their self esteem; improve their physical fitness; do better academically; are less likely to drop out of school, do drugs, smoke or get pregnant; and are more able to weather the physical and emotional storms of adolescence. The third reason is that it has been found that people who continually participate and associate with athletics, begin to relate facts and literature to sports, enabling them to commit the knowledge to long-term memory better. For example, lets say Jon Doe loves baseball, specifically the New York Yankees. He watches his favorite team at every leisurely moment he can. At the same time, at his college, the University of Basten, he is having trouble in his statistics class . In order for him to understand the concepts better, he begins to relate it to baseball. He uses Derek Jeters base percentage and batting average and relates it to Thirdly, George Graves, in his 1992 study, found people were more likely to join a team then participate in individual exercise, and therefore maintained a higher level of health then people who didnt have the option of joining a team. Sports participation has long been thought to provide youths with a positive social environment and to foster basic values. Specifically, such participation is thought to provide the same benefits as regular exercise, along with team rules and principles that help promote health-enhancing behaviors, (Sherman, 1) These reasons illustrate the benefits of being a student at an institute of higher learning which offers an intercollegiate athletic program. Sports play an important role ones community pride and identity. People identify themselves with positive groups. A good example of this fac t is the Notre Dame Football team. The Notre Dame Football team has an exclusive contract with NBC for the next ten years. Why? Its because Notre Dame is an inherent competitor in NCAA Division 1 football. People enjoy associating with winners. This is because of three theories, including the personal identity, social identity, and BIRG theory. Personal identity is how a person sees themselves in front of society. Ones personal identity includes self-esteem and self image. Social identity is several personal identities together. It is how a group sees themselves compared to other groups. When describing their group, one often uses terms like distinctive, prestigious, and were better than that group. These phenomena are because of a theory known as the in-group theory. People see their group (the in-group) better than the out-group. The final theory is the BIRG concept. BIRG is an acronym for Basking In Reflected Glory. As stated before, people associate themselves with winning teams . When ones favorite team wins, it is proven that the person will say, We won or we did well. On the same idea, when that team loses, a person will most likely say, they lost, or they blew the game. People associate themselves with winners. Athletics also bring campuses together. What would bring Basten College together without athletics? Friday night parties, or major protests and riots? A Hash Bash or a Naked Mile? These alternatives are not something Basten College wants to be associated with. Athletics is a good catalyst to bring a campus together, both financially and socially. The role of successful Division I football and basketball programs in motivating alumni and other donors to make charitable educational contributions toUS universities are apparent, (Roads and Gerking, 1)College campuses are in the political forefront. Sport plays a big role in politics. First of all, sports promote legitimacy and prestige. For example, the University of Nebraska and Duke University are established colleges. They have established athletic programs whove won titles for years. This gives the University the national renowned name. Many students go to these colleges based on their name. This name is made by the colleges athletic program. Basten College can be known across the country if you establish an athletic program. .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 , .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .postImageUrl , .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 , .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:hover , .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:visited , .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:active { border:0!important; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:active , .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4 .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1b4ecb28c134e39d2f7eafbbce994ba4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reflection on Mercy Killing EssaySport and race is another major topic in the college athletic realm. Basten College is not very diverse, and some changes need to take place, in order to make the college nationally known and respected. An athletic program will increase diversity at Basten College. This is because of two major structures, including the occupational opportunity structure and sport opportunity structure. The occupational opportunity structure explains that minorities often think the only ticket to success is through sport. Take Boobie Miles for example. Boobie Miles was a major character in H.G. Bissingers Friday Night Lights. Miles was a standout running bac k his junior year for Permian Panther football team of Odessa, Texas. He was being recruited by major colleges across America. His senior year, he took a bad fall on the football field, and hurt his knee. He was never the same after. Colleges stopped calling, and Boobie Miles self esteem plummeted. Life without football? He couldnt see how that life would be worth living. After high school, he attended a local community college briefly, dropped out, and is now working a construction job in his hometown. Without football, Boobie did not have the chance to be successful. Sport opportunity structure is another theory that supports the need for athletics at Basten College. Although the theory is not very positive towards minorities, the background behind the theory will benefit Basten College. Sport opportunity structure explains the fact that minorities are more likely to play certain sports. If Basten College initiates these sports, more minorities will likely attend Basten College, w hich will increase the diversity and name recognition. Sport and gender is another phenomenon of a college athletic program. Sports aid women physically, psychologically, and emotionally. As stated earlier in the report, sports aid females in areas such as their self-esteem and academics. They are less likely to drop out of school, smoke, drink, or get pregnant. Athletics create physically, as well as emotionally, fit women who are ready for society. It has been argued that having intercollegiate athletics leads to many problems within an educational system. As you have heard from other company presentations these problems include confrontation among spectators and fans, focus away from academics, and the instigation of celebration. Fortunately most of these problems can be solved and are not the result of athletics in and of them selves. First well focus on spectator behavior. The basis of this argument is that a sport causes its spectators to engage in violence with each other and civilians. In a resent study which took place at the Un iversity of Virginia in 1999, a team of 5 doctors and 4 social behavior specialists conducted a study focusing on confrontation. They took six groups of ten people. One person of each group was an age between 19 and 49. These six groups were then isolated with the same daily schedule, except one activity which varied from the rest. For example, all of the six groups would eat three meals, take showers at 9 am, and watch TV at night and so on. But at 3 oclock group 1 would take a science class, where as, group 2 would drink in a bar, group 3 did nothing (the control group), group 4 would do arts and crafts, group 5 would play cards, and group 6 would play soccer. They had a different activity for each group, and being careful to allow enough away time so as not to promote problems, they recorded any confrontation for two months. They had records of an argument escalating to a fight over sculpture style and one over a game of blackjack. After the study they concluded that confrontatio n was bound to happen anywhere actions could be interpreted as hostile, but it was more common among subjects that could be made competitive, equally they found was the ability to make things competitive. Such as a card game, grades in a class, the beauty of a painting, amount of shots taken and so on. The soccer group had three less confrontations then any other group, which was attributed to upheld rules regarding the game. We can determine that violence among students at a university is just as likely to happen with or without sports; instead it is more reflective of the characteristic of students then of the activity they are partaking in. The next major argument against intercollegiate athletics is focus away from academics. This again reflects the attitude of the students rather than the effects of sports. The number of hours spent watching television is far greater then those spent attending ones collegiate sports competitions. Yet we do not propose to ban television. We do n ot hold television accountable or the students grades. We instead hold the student responsible for their time management. Basten College aims to become a leading institution in academics, and therefore is unsure about the foundation of intercollegiate athletics. But its success depends on its students. It is in the control of the admissions office whom they admit. If they chose to accept students whose academic focus is not their priority then it will not be the fault of sports. Whom they admit and what academic programs are available determines how they school will do academically, not what extracurricular programs they implement. .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd , .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .postImageUrl , .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd , .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:hover , .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:visited , .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:active { border:0!important; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:active , .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c3afd18560b63c38dd09406a36940dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayThe third major argument against implementing an intercollegiate athletic program is the instigation of celebration. Meaning that the success of sports teams will make people party, People are looking for a reason to party, drink, socialize and in general be happy, they can use any team, any out come, and any season to do this. But they could use any reason if necessary. It is not our job to determine your campus drug, alcohol, and noise policies. But regardless of your implementation of intercollegiate athletics these would be necessary for the partying that would no doubt take place. Over all two main factors are important to realize when considering int ercollegiate athletics. One, if you still feel that sport causes the deviant behaviors addressed before, you would not only have to deny our attempts to institute a intercollegiate system, but you would also have to eliminate any club or impromptu sport as well, due to the fact that they would cause the same problems, because they have the same characteristics. Doing this would isolate millions of students and prospective students, because more then 75 percent of the U.S. population participates in some form of athletics. And two, we are not insisting upon the recruiting of athletes, the special treatment of participants, the monetary focus on sports, the schools attitude that the end warrants the means, or the acceptance of athletes that threaten the prestige of the school. We are only suggesting the implementation of organized sport that competes against other schools. An intercollegiate program would be beneficial to your college. We hope we have facilitated you in the decision that will affect your students and future perspectives. President Basten, you are creating an institution of higher learning, but more importantly you are creating a place where students can have access to all experiences. To fulfill this responsibility you need to provide students with a sense of community, a greater spectrum of diversity, and access to physical as well as academic exposure. Establishing an intercollegiate athletics program would achieve all of this and more. Thank you for your time and we hope we were of assistance. BibliographyAnderson, Steven., Intensive training and sports specialization in young athletes. Pediatrics. Evanston, Jul 2000. Booth, Michael., Assessment of physical activity: An international perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Washington, Jun 2000. Dimeo, F. et. al., Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: A pilot study. British Journal of Sports Medicine., London, Apr 2001. Feezel, Randolph., The Game of Life: College Sports and Educational Values / Beer and Circus/Intercollegiate Athletics and the American University: A University Presidents Perspective. Academe, Washington, Sep/Oct 2001. Finn, Chester., The cost of college sports. Commentary., New York, Oct 2001. Henderson, Karla., Putting the fun into physical activity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation ; Dance., Reston, Oct 1999. Ives, Jeffrey and Sosnoff, Jacob., Beyond the Mind-Body Exercise Hype. The Physician and Sports Medicine., Minneapolis, March 2000. Johnson, Roy., How one college program runs the business: Inside Longhorn Inc. Fortune., New York, Dec 20, 1999. Just, Richard., Outside Shot. The American Prospect., Princeton, Rhoads, Thomas and Gerking, Shelby., Educational contributions, academic quality, and athletic success. Contemporary Economic Policy., Huntington Beach, Apr 2000. Sherman, Nester., Sports participation and ethnicity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation ; Dance., Reston, May/Jun 2001. Steinberg, Gregg. The benefits to sport achievement when a multiple goal orientation is emphasized. Journal of Sport Behavior., Mobile, Dec 2000. Steiner, Hans et. al., Adolescents and sports: Risk or benefit? Clinical Pediatrics., Glen Head, Mar 2000. Words/ Pages : 2,469 / 24

Shell Company Oil Spills in Nigeria free essay sample

Shell Company believes that oil and gas will remain an important aspect of economic and development of the world for many eras. They seek to maintain high standards of performance and to conserve long-term relations with the environment in which they operate . The Shell Company is one of the major providers of energy and petroleum in the world. Its operation started almost 200 hundred years ago in a small shop where they were selling antiques and see shell and now Shell company is one of the largest firms which provides energy and petroleum services. According to Shell Global (n. d. ) the headquarter of Shell Company is situated in Hague of Netherlands and the parent company of Shell is situated in England and Wales and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Shell Company is Mr. Peter Voser. Shell Company branches are located in 130 countries and has employed more than 93 thousand employee globally. In Nigeria, Shell Company is involved in Niger Delta to produce onshore oil and gas. We will write a custom essay sample on Shell Company Oil Spills in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Company also produces offshore oil and gas in Gulf of Guinea and operates the first ever deep-water project of Nigeria. According to Shell Global (n. d. ) one of the largest branches of Shell Company is Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in Nigeria which has joint venture with Nigerian Government’s Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). The ratios are divided in a method of 55% to Nigerian Government, 30% to Shell Company, 10% to ELF Petroleum Nigeria Ltd and 5% to AGIP. The operation of SPDC in Nigeria has added $38 billion to the Nigerian Government in the past five years (2007-2011) together with the taxes and royalty payments. The Nigerian Government receives 95% of its profit from SPDC onshore oil and gas production in Niger Delta. In relation to Shell Company’s relation following are some key aspects. 1. 1. 1 Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct: The outlay of Shell Company’s ethical standards and issues are noted under the Company’s ethical code of conduct. The Shell Company employees cannot make decision which can involve conflict of interest. It is written in code of ethics that the employees of Shell Company cannot receive gifts or payments from the contractors or other involved parties with Shell Company. The employees should behave fairly with the customers and should understand the nature of their diverse work and should never discriminate. The employees of Shell Company cannot take part in financial interest activities. They are strictly forbidden to interact with the contractors because they might transfer confidential information in times of bidding to the contractor. The Shell Company employees are required to maintain highest standards of honesty and integrity at work. 1. 1. 2 Social Investments: Shell Company supports the community both directly in community development projects and indirectly through Shell independent foundation. The company aim is to understand the needs of local communities and to address the local community’s social and economic needs which is access to energy, there business development etc. Shell Company’s staff voluntarily contributes on different social and environmental projects around the world. The programs offered by Shell Company aims to support the young people so that they can set up their own business. Shell Company expended about 13 billion dollars to the poor people with lower income on different humanitarian services. Maximum number of Shell Company employee in Nigeria is local Nigerian which is a good indication of job creation for the Nigerian citizens. 1. 1. 3 Environmental Contributions and Responsibilities: Shell Company works to avoid any sort of hazardous, this means that they strives to operate safely and according to the community inspection and maintenance. SPDC is dedicated and loyal in cleaning of the oil spills in the Niger Delta. In the last five year (2008-2012) under a quarter of the oil spillage from SPDC was because of the operational causes such as human error or machinery miscarriage and for this operational spill Shell company has compensated people who has suffered. 1. 1. 4 Economic Involvement: The local Nigerian communities is being benefited in a wide ranged through the finances and supports of Shell Company and mean while the company pays a great portion of taxes and royalties to the Nigerian Government. The Nigerian Government have earned about $38 billion form the taxes and royalties since 2007-2011 from Shell Company and this is a major contribution for the Nigerian Government in monetary terms. The Nigerian Government can use the funds in development sector, to increase the economic stability and to reduce the the poverty in the community. Adding to this Shell Company has donated $76. 3 million to Nigerian Government to enhance the community development projects, enhance skills training, agriculture and to support health care and small businesses. In 2010 local Nigerian companies have earned approximately $947 million contracting number of awards with Shell Company. 1. 2 Background of the Study: For those who lives in third world country it is really disturbing to acknowledge and understand that the whole country is organized to serve a small group of people. The Nigerian Government is ignoring all the oil spill and pollutions harmed by Shell Company. The Shell Company does not have any way to estimate the amount of oil spills in Nigeria. Shell Company power has influenced the Government of Nigeria and it’s people which has increase the hatred perception of people affected from the oil spills towards Shell Company and the Government because the people do not get anything from the revenue given by the Shell Company while on the other they are being affected through the destruction of their land, agriculture and other sources. The Government of Nigeria should compel Shell Company to commit the payment compensation of all the affected people in Nigeria. 1. 3 Objectives: 1. To provide Shell Company Introduction, its operation in Niger Delta, its ethical issues and social responsibilities. 2. To provide concerns of different Stakeholders in Shell Oil Spillage as a wicked problem. 3. To provide literature sources and references of theories regarding the Shell Company’s oil spills in Niger Delta. 4. To illustrate the stakeholders (Investors, CEO and local Nigerian employee) responses to the oil spills in Niger Delta. 5. To create productive understating for the stakeholders about the oil spills of Shell Company. Chapter 2 2. Wicked Problem and Stakeholders Sense Making Process: Wicked problem is a social or cultural problem which is very difficult or impossible to solve. In wicked situation the problem is not clearly defined due to which it is impossible to make solution for the problem. According to (Ezigbo, O. Bassey, O. , 2010) The Shell Oil Spills in Nigeria is also said to be a wicked problem because media is spreading news that the Government is not taking any action against the Shell Company because the Government is influenced by the power and revenues given by Shell Company. This also increases the hatred perception of the people towards the Shell Company. Another major problem is that the people affected by the oil spill are concerned and curious that whether they will receive the compensation against the disaster happened in their lands and agricultures or will Shell Company clean the places affected by the oil spills. The People is also curious to know that even if the oil spills are cleaned by the Shell company the effects of oil spills will remain there for several years. In order to solve this wicked problem multiple approaches should be used. Conklin, E. and Weil, W. (1997) states that â€Å"There are many stakeholders-people who care about or have something at stake in how the problem is resolved†. Following are the explanations to this wicked problem in respect of the three stakeholders of the Shell Oil Company. 1. The Shell Investors Viewpoint 2. The CEO Viewpoint 3. The Local Nigerian Shell Company Employee Viewpoint 2. 1. 1 The Shell Investors Viewpoint: The Investors in Shell Company being caught up in such a disaster situation of oil spills is a great concern. The Investors will be more concerned about their investments in the Nigeria due to which they would not be able to see what the situation is in community and if the investors does not take this substantial seriously and does not approach the problem correctly it will be a great loss both in short term and long term. The investors can take social responsibility approach by cleaning the environment from the oil spills disaster which will help the investors in long term by securing their investments. The benefit of cleaning effort is that it will establish good reputation of the organization and it will be a good investment for the investors because it will enhance the credibility and can lead the organization to better position within the industry. The investors can agree to the terms of Government and accept the compensation payment this will enhance the company’s image among the people of Nigeria. 2. 1. 2 The CEO Viewpoint: Leading the organization and controlling such wicked problem in a company requires serious and demanding leadership and the CEO should give full attention to this needs and concern of the company. The CEO can use sense-making and can involve other parties in order to find possible solution for solving the problem. The CEO should deeply measure the situation and the needs and anxiety of stakeholders associated with the situation. If the CEO applies resilient questioning the can find a common ground where all the associated parties with the problem will be considered. If the Shell Company takes the lead, accept its environmental responsibility and start the cleaning effort, it will benefit both the company image and credibility among the society and also while doing the cleaning effort they will hire employee from the local community which will indirectly benefit the local economy. The CEO can make a promise to public that the company will add new technologies and machineries in the company and can instruct the operational management to quickly handle this disaster. This action will give the stakeholders an image that the company is considering the rules and regulations of the Government as well as they care for the public. It will reassure the Shell Company image among Nigerian Government considerably that Shell Company is taking into consideration the ethics and operational standards of Nigeria. If the CEO approaches this way it will compel the investors to think that the company is going on the right way and if the company achieves this approach the company will attain the public acclaims and praises which will benefit Shell Company in long term as the public will assume that even in time of disaster Shell Company is fulfilling their responsibilities and is caring for the Nigerian Government and Public. The Local Nigerian Shell Company Employee Viewpoint: For local Nigerian Shell employee this issue will be very difficult because the employee will not be able to make decision regarding whether he/she should take the organization side or the Nigerian Government and Nigerian public side. The employee reaches to state where on one side the public and Government will develop thoughts the employee is working against the community they are harming the local community and destroying the environment through exerting oil spill pollutions and on the other side the employee should work in order to compensate the needs of their family members, their living costs and by working in such a Global organization the employee can earn more and can easily fulfill the needs of family members. In Such situation the employees cannot make decision regarding the company because the employee themselves tries hard to hide their identity because everyone is pointing finger on the company they works which may result to conflict between the employee and community members. The employee cannot decide to be on which side because such situation can affect the employee’s loyalty as well as can develop questions on the ethical and moral standards of the corporation. If the organization makes a social responsible response such as starting the cleaning effort so in that situation the employee will get encouraged and will take the responsibility to work both in company and will also take active part in the social context which will be a great approach for solving this wicked problem. If the organization does not consider the social responsible response then it will affect the employee’s loyalty and ethical standard and will produce a state in which the employee is forced to choose one among the company and the public. 2. 2 Literature Reviews and Sources: Decision Making: Brook (2009) states that â€Å"Poor decision making is often the result of short-term target setting, which is a particular feature of the decision processes of chief executives who are on fixed-term contracts†. In week seven I have learned different approaches of decision making process and the approach that I think the CEO should use is ‘bounded rationality decision’ because in bounded rationality the CEO will make the decision that the CEO first come across which is the CEO should compensate the people affected by the spillage and to clean the oil spillage. The CEO should use ‘bounded rationality decision’ because on one side the CEO have limited information about the problem that what the stakeholders will if the CEO do not compensate them or do not clean the oil spillage and on the other side the CEO has finite time to make decision. Donaldson, T. Preston, L. E. (1995) defines that in a survey it was found that 80% of the senior manager were not working to according to ethical code of the organization because the managers, employees and customers were thinking that they are not being valued by the organization instead the organization was giving values only the shareholders. If the organization do favoritism in decision making process it will harm the organization in long term because after the decision is made the employee will not implement the decision which will decrease the organizational productivity. If the organization involves all the stakeholders in decision making then after the decision is made everyone will agree to the decision will favorably implement the decision. 2. 2. 2 Shell Oil Spill a Wicked Problem: Shell Company oil spills are clear indicator of wicked problem and as we have studied in past weeks regarding wicked problems there is no true solution because the problem is not definitive. In order to solve the wicked problem a leader should first understand the problem that what is the problem and to understand the problem the leader should analyze and gather data regarding the problem. When the leader gathered data then he/she will implement that data in order to solve the problem. The shell company wicked problem solving involves following process. 1. Data Gathering: The CEO should gather data regarding the oil spillage the stakeholders associated with oil spills so that the CEO can find a solution. 2. Data Analysis: When the CEO gathered data regarding the oil spillage and associated stakeholders the CEO should analyze the data and form multiple solutions for this wicked problem. 3. Implementation of Solution: The CEO should consider and implement the best solution regarding the wicked problem. The CEO should consider the approach step by step. The CEO should not implement the gather data regarding the oil spillage without analyzing the data. The CEO should find solution and implement that solution which will not be effective. For a wicked problem there is no clean solution because the bases of such problem are not defined and that is why every wicked problem is managed differently. 2. 2. 3 The Associated Stakeholders: Stakeholders are people who have some sort of interest in the project or company. The primary stakeholders of the company are the investors (Shareholders), the employees, the company customers and suppliers while the secondary stakeholder’s are those who are associated with the company in one way or the other. The Stakeholders can affect the organization as well as can be affected by the organization actions. In case of Shell oil company the identified stake holders are the investors, local employees, CEO, the Nigerian Government and the community’s members who are affected from the oil spills. It is really important that while making decision the CEO should consider all the different stakeholder of the organization. The CEO should make sure that when the decision is made it should involve all the associated stakeholders. 2. 2. 4 Primary and Secondary Stakeholder Perspectives: In case of investors they should decrease the efforts of the charges on the company and should pay the compensation of $20 billion to the affected community members and Nigerian Government. In case of local Nigerian employee they want that all the charges regarding the oil spills gets solved so that they can state freely with no fear among the community that they are working with Shell Company because now they are also affected with this oil spill, the community members threat them badly because they think that these employees is also involved in the oil spillage process. In case of CEO, he/she should make a decision that should favor everyone an as per the case study the best decision to pay the compensation and clean the areas affected by the oil spillage. In case the Nigerian Government, they want to compel Shell Company to compensate the remedies of the oil spills. In case the community members; they want the affected area clean from oil spillage. They also want to be compensated for oil spillage because they consider that even if the affected area is cleaned by the Shell Company still for few years the oil spillage will have effect on the environment. Chapter 3 3. 1 Contrast between Various Leadership Styles: Throughout this module we have studied different types of leadership styles and approaches in relation to resolve wicked problem. This project will define the following three Leadership types. 1. Charismatic Leadership 2. Transactional Leadership 3. Transformational Leadership 3. 2 Charismatic Leadership: Charismatic Leadership is one of the best ways to boost and motivate the employees in order to achieve the organizational goals. Charismatic leaders use their charms to handle and solve a problem. They have strong influence over the followers though which the can make the followers accomplish the given task. Charismatic leaders energize the environment and inspire the followers to give their best while performing an action. Charismatic leaders enhance the moral of the employees and decrease the anxiety of the employee in wicked situation. In many organizations it is observed that during difficult situation the employee moral gets down so is the case with Shell Company oil Spills. The employee’s moral is depressed since they are in position where the community feels that they are working with a company which is harming the environment by exerting pollution in the society. The Community threats them and their family members gravely. In such case the employees can get offended from the situation and can damage the organization. The CEO should use charismatic leadership and should make the employees understand the oil spillage situation that it is not done intentionally by the company. The CEO should make employees realize that the company feeling regretful for the happened situation and the company will attempt hard to solve this wicked problem. This way the employees moral will get motivated and boosted and they will strive in resolving the situation. 3. 3 Transactional Leadership: Transactional leaders set goals and objectives for the organization and require the followers to attain the goal and objectives with in the specified time. If the employee achieves the goals and objective they get reward otherwise they are punished by the leaders in order to remain in compliance with the goals. In this leadership style the relationship between leader and manger is more of give and take which is if the employee achieve something he/she will receive something in return of it. The leaders closely monitors and controls the work of their followers that whether they are going on the right path or whether they are working in accordance to the plan given on not. In case of Shell Company oil spillage the CEO can sit objectives to employees that the employees should spread good image of the Shell Company among the community by informing the community that Shell Company will fulfill it social responsibility of cleaning the oil spill and is also committed to do the compensation payment to those who are affected by this oil spills. This way the employee will receive appreciation from the Shell Company and Shell Company will sustain its good image among the community by fulfilling the ethical standards of the community. Transformational Leadership: Transformational leaders are those who changes and transforms individuals. Transformational leadership is the skill to make the followers accept a changed and make them recover from a given situation. Transformational leadership can increases the organizations productivity and can result in organizational success because in this leadership styles the leaders give values to it followers. Transformational leaders are enthusiastic and passionate for the work they and is also concerned for others in helping them to perform well. Transformational leadership highlights that leaders should consider individualized needs and should support the individuals. The transformational leaders create vision and inspire the individuals to achieve the vision. The transformational leaders engage there followers in a way so that they get committed and the follower also become a leader in future. In case of Shell Company the employees are really discouraged because of their association with the company which has harmed the environment. The CEO can use transformational leadership and can energize the employees by making them participate in cleaning of the oil spills in one way or other. The CEO should require the employees to check all the machines and equipment’s that is used in manufacturing of oil so they company finds the discrepancies and divergence related to the machines. This will enhance employee morale and will energize them to work for the community’s bitterness. The CEO should also consult with the community heads which are affected by oil spillage and should assure them that their compensation will be paid the Shell Company. Chapter Four 4. 1 Conclusions and Recommendations: According to (Ezigbo, O. Bassey, O., 2010) the Shell Company is not only considered responsible for by the local community, the Nigerian Government, the environmental association for this environmental tragedy happened due to oil spill but also Shell Company was blamed for environmental devastation that has happened over the 50 years by Nigerian Government. The Shell Company reaction to this situation will have a crucial impact over shaping its business reputation in Nigeria for long-term. Taking this into consideration Shell Company is going through a serious problem which will not only have impact on Shell Company but also to the entire nation of Nigeria. In order to solve this issue Shell Company should work closely with the Nigerian government and the local community to find a common path. Shell Company should carefully use the leadership skills and strategies while dealing with the Nigerian Government and local community. Considering the stakeholder’s needs and distress, the CEO should manage to agree to the deal with the situation which is to accept its social responsibility and should deliver the compensation payment to the affected community and Nigerian Government as well the Shell Company should clean the environment in order to quite the media and NGO protest regarding Shell Company. It is true that committing the compensation payment to the affected peoples and fulfilling the social responsibility of cleaning the oil spill will be costly to Shell Company upfront but this action will benefit the company in long-term and will establish a good image of the company among the society they operate and also in global market. It is true that the oil spillage has happened by Shell Company but the oil spillage was not done intentionally. It is clear to everyone around the globe that Shell Company has either contracted or they by themselves have performed many of the humanitarian projects in order to enhance the social developments in the community. Shell Company has donated large amount of money to many communities for the betterment of that communities. The situation in Nigeria is very delicate and in order to resolve this delicate situation the CEO should use certain powers such as expert power, reward power and referent power.

Fate in The Natural by Bernard Malamud

Fate in The Natural by Bernard Malamud I do not believe in a fate that falls on men however they act;but I do believe in a fate that falls on them unless they actG.K. Chesterton, Generaly SpeakingSome people think that fate is something you are born with, something that follows you around for the rest of your life until the day you die. I think that fate is something that exists in your sub-conscience, therefore making it nothing more than your conscience.In the book The Natural by Bernard Malamud the main character Roy Hobbs had a very distinct flaw, a flaw that millions of American men and women both have...... an obsession with sex which affected his charecter and which made him a very unsuccessful man. From the very beginning of the book when he went to that woman Harriet's room for a quick thrill I had an idea of what kind of person Roy was, I mean even I would have though that he learned his lesson about messing around with people he just met after she shot him.1898 photograph of G.K. Chesterton.Well, that's all rig ht, its only fifteen years off his career and the end of his pitching. Strike one!I guess that he didn't learn his lesson because one night while Roy's new so-called friend Bump leads him to a hotel room knowing that his girlfriend Memo is lying buck-naked on the bed. When Roy notices her there he doesn't stop and think,"Hold on a second their is a naked woman in my bed mabey I should turn on the light and ask her what she's doing here" No, he just jumps into bed and runs the bases. So one day Bump dies and Roy thinks that Memo's all his, boy is he wrong. This new found passion totally messes up his train...

Cellular pathology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cellular pathology - Personal Statement Example ence I obtained from King Abdul Aziz Hospital, I have confidence that I possess the necessary skills that form the basis for a career in medical diagnostics specifically cellular pathology. I have knowledge about the process of collecting samples from the patients and protecting them from contamination before commencing diagnostic procedures. At King Abdul Aziz Hospital, I had a comprehensive exposure and practice on the process of slide preparation and observation through medical microscopes. The laboratory department at the hospital analyzed both slides prepared from tissues and cells derived from body fluids (Hanon-Fletcher & Maxwell 43). The experience at King Abdul Aziz hospital inspired me to pursue a degree in biomedical science. This saw me relocate to UK where I am almost actualizing my aspiration. In UK, I have been going through a thorough training on laboratory techniques. The practical sessions had particular interest in diagnostics through cellular analysis. A major area am currently well conversant with is cancer diagnosis and it forms my primary reason for the interest in pursuing cellular pathology at West of England University. In addition, the course equipped me on how to obtain and handle pathological specimens for cellular analysis. My desire in life is to develop diagnostic procedures that are efficient and fast. Diagnostic procedures that are in use currently are not favorable to patients due to long waits. I would like to see patients get their results instantly and accurately. Cellular pathology looks at the origin of a disease at the cell level as opposed to the symptomatic diagnosis employed by most laboratories today. In the pursuit of my desire, undertaking my cellular pathology studies at the University will help me acquire the knowledge and skills for actualizing my desire. Knowing the basis of a condition in time is a prerequisite for managing the disease. Cellular pathology is the way to go as it gives the most accurate results

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Project - Essay Example However there is a steep slope in the graph and this can be due to the change in the level of production within the two years. Although very few of the points are on the line, they move towards the same direction. The final graph represents the total cost versus the machine hours. The machine hours that are used in production fluctuate over the years but they move in the same direction. Some points are scattered far away from the line and this can be due to factors that might not have a significant impact and did not affect the long term trend of the graph. The behavior of the cost of the rent is that it increases over the years and will push up the costs of production in the years to come, although it remains constant throughout the year. According to relevant range the fixed costs of production will not change as output changes. This applies to the rent as it does not fluctuate with the total output. The least squares method is used to determine the best fit of a particular curve that is represented in a graph. This is the curve that has the least number of the squared deviations from a particular data set that has been given. There are various advantages of using the least squares method. This method increases the accuracy and speed of calculations that involve a large number of digits. It is used when there are a large number of values, ranging up to a thousand and presents a simulation that brings out the most feasible approach (Rawlings & Pantula, 2010). This is more practical in a real world scenario given that such calculations are usually full of errors and the least squares method presents the best approximate solution. The distribution curves in the method are applicable in determining the put or call option prices that are realistic in the market place. Therefore inaccurate estimates can be proportionally represented. Any slight deviation that may arise from this metho d

Definitions Of Assessment And Classroom Based Assessment English Language Essay

Definitions Of Assessment And Classroom Based Assessment English Language Essay The aim of this chapter is to look at relevant research studies in relation to assessment in the classroom context, and to explore the role of classroom assessment in more details, with a specific focus on formative language assessment. It appears that the teachers classroom assessment practices and strategies may directly impact learners learning, and this includes young learners.(Oksana:not only with young learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..so what should I put here) Classroom teachers are in the front line of helping learners learning and assessing their performance in the classroom. Thus, the literature review is mainly concerned with the role of classroom assessment and the relationship between classroom assessment practices and learning. The following section clarifies some terminology and explores the links between assessment and learning with young language learners in the EFL context through a review of literature on experiences of assessment with primary-age learners. 2.2 Definitions of assessment and classroom-based assessment In this section, the definition of the term assessment is provided and the definition of classroom-based assessment (CBA) is discussed to provide more details of the relationship between assessment and learning in classrooms. In the educational context, the term assessment is often associated with testing for most of the teachers, learners and other stakeholders. However, testing is only one element of assessment and it actually encompasses a wider range of factors from tests to dynamic and collaborative activities and tasks. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the difference between assessment and testing before looking at the definition of classroom-based assessment(Oksana: insert page numberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what?). 2.2.1 The distinction between assessment and testing Ioannou-Georgior and Sophie (2003: 4) provide a broader interpretation of assessment; they describe assessment as a general term which includes all methods used to gather information about childrens knowledge, ability, understanding, attitudes and motivation. Assessment can be carried out through a number of instruments (for example, test, self-assessment), and can be formal or informal. This definition suggests that teachers may use both formal and informal methods to collect information in relation to learners performance, such as their ability and attitudes, as an evidence of learning. Ioannou-Georgior and Sophie (ibid) point out that assessment refers to all kinds of methods, whether they are formal or informal, with the aim of collecting evidences of learners learning.(Oksana: similar to above, suggestion: remove it) The studies of Rea-Dickins(2000), Lambert and Lines (2000) go further to suggest that assessment is a constant ongoing process rather than a onetime thing. Rea-Dickins (2000) illustrates assessment as the general process of monitoring of keeping track of the learners progress. (p. 376). She highlights that such process is a continuous method to monitor the learners performance. Lambert and Lines (2000) also show the similar view of point, they define assessment as the process of gathering, interpreting, recording and using information about pupils responses to educational tasks (p. 4) From their viewpoint, assessment is related to what teachers do during the process of teaching and learning, including gathering, diagnosing, recording and using information about pupils performance and feedback. As can be seen, assessment is a part of both teachers and learners life within classroom and is integrated to the process of teaching and learning. It is also used to monitor and respond to lea rners regular work, such as learning activities, tasks and tests. On the other hand, testing refers to a procedure that is used to measure learners ability by teachers and examiners (Rea-Dickins, 2000). According to Ioannou-Georgior and Sophie (2003), testing is a procedure with a certain objective and is used by teachers to assess learners performance in order to understand whether the learner has achieved this objective or not. They also point out that testing used tasks or exercises and assigns marks or grades based on quantitative results (p. 4) This seems to suggest that testing is one of the tools that used by teachers to assess their learners ability and is a way to demonstrate what learners have learnt. It also implies that testing is a onetime thing rather than an ongoing process. As can be seen, testing is a procedure with a certain objective and is used to collect quantitative results, in terms of marks or grades. It is used to measure what the learners have learnt and to check whether they have met their goal or not; meanwhile, assessme nt refers to all methods of collecting both quantitative and qualitative data in relation to learners performance and is a continuous process. (Oksana: Yes, but it is classroom based assessment specifically that does thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..what?)In fact, through clarifying the boundaries between testing and assessment may help us to get insight into the meaning and definition of classroom-based assessment. 2.2.2 Definition of Classroom-Based Assessment Classroom-based assessment is defined by Airasian as the process of collecting, synthesizing and interpreting information to aid in classroom decision making (2005, p. 2). He highlights the work that teachers need to take during the process of assessment in the classroom context, with the aim of supporting teachers in decision making, such as deciding what forms of assessment are most appropriate for gaining information about learners learning and measuring achievement. In classrooms, teachers collect data in relation to learners needs, strength, and weakness and try to interpret the information on the basis of teachers own beliefs, capacities and knowledge. They then provide help to learners and may be able to support individual learning needs. Such ongoing processes, including assigning grades, providing feedback and learning opportunities, and modifying the teaching and learning, are aiming to renew, keep track and record learners performance in the classroom. By doing so, teacher s may be able to enhance learners learning and help them to close the gap between their current status and their target level (Sadler 1989). Further, Mckay describes that classroom assessment or teacher assessment refers to assessment carried out by teachers in the classroom (2006, p. 140). He then notes that classroom assessment may be formative, for instance, when the purpose is to provide feedback to help learners improve learning, or it may be summative, when the purpose is to record and report pupils achievement and attainment (Rea-Dickins 2000). As can be seen, the purposes for classroom assessment may lead to using assessment information formatively or summatively by teachers. For example, they may need to use formative assessment to identify learner needs and use summative assessment to provide learners achievement to school authorities in the end of a school year. In fact, there are a variety of purposes for teachers to use classroom assessment. Rea-Dickins suggests three objectives of using classroom assessment: teaching, nurturing learning, and measuring learning (2000). In other words, teachers may use classro om assessment to modify their teaching methods and materials, provide appropriate help to learners and meet the bureaucratic demands. Classroom assessment plays a significant role in collecting information about learners learning and can also be used to support teachers teaching and learning (Rea-Dickins, 2001). It is a continuous and integrated process which can be planned in advance as well as be unplanned, such as observing learners language performance during the course of teaching and assessment activities. The roles of teachers may have an impact on learners learning in the classroom, whether as facilitators to develop learners language development or as assessors to measure learners language learning, (Rea-Dickins, 2008). Teachers may use both formative and summative assessment as pedagogic tools to scaffold learners, adjust their teaching, and assign grades for learners in the classroom. It is important for teachers to develop classroom assessment skills and strategies, and bring about positive change in classrooms. The aims of adopting classroom assessment strategies are to support learners learning and te achers teaching, and to meet the ultimate achievement of the curriculum goals. Rea-Dickins (2001) provides a model of classroom assessment which illustrates teachers roles in four stages in the classroom assessment process (see Figure 2.1). It also reveals the fact that teachers may need to play a mediating role in order to deal with various demands from improving learning and modifying teaching. For instance, in stage 1, the Planning stage, teachers may be interpreters to explain the learning goals and assessment criteria with learners and evaluators to identify learners needs and levels. They may become supporter in stage 2 in order to scaffold learners and provide feedback to them. As for stage 3, teachers may also need to be interpreters to interpret the learning evidence and improvers to refine the assessment process; meanwhile, they may need to be reports to report and record the learning progress to administrative authorities. Stage 1: Planning Identifying the purpose for the assessment?(why?) Choosing the assessment activity(how) Preparing the learners for the assessment Who chooses/decides for each of the above Stage 4: Recording Dissemination Recording reporting progress toward NC Formal review for LEA or internal school purposes Strategies for dissemination of formal review of learners Stage 2: Implementation Introducing the assessment(why, what, how) Scaffolding, during assessment activity Learner self- peer monitoring Feedback to learners(immediate) Stage 3: Monitoring Recording evidence of achievement Interpreting evidence obtained from an assessment Revising teaching and learning plans Sharing findings with other teachers Feedback to learners (delayed) Figure 2.1 Process and strategies in classroom assessment  [1]   However, teachers may not be able to predict the complex interaction between these two assessment purposes before actually implementing the assessment active. For instance, teacher-planned summative assessment may also provide formative assessment opportunities for students during the teaching process. Rea-Dickins (2006) points out that the boundary and interaction between formative and summative purposes of assessment cannot be identified in any watertight way in advance, as they will unfold and be enacted through the classroom discourse (p. 183). As can be seen, teachers need to be flexible with their classroom assessment practices and be able to use both formative and summative assessment as pedagogic tools to scaffold learners, adjust their teaching, and assign grades for learners in the classroom. Thus, it is important for teachers to understand the functions of both formative and summative assessments and how to use them to modify their teaching, enhance pupil achievement, and report to school authorities, parents and other stakeholders. 2.3 The Functions of Classroom Assessment: Formative and Summative Assessment On the basis of the definition of classroom assessment (2.2), classroom assessment may be used as a variety of instruments by teachers to collect data in relation to learners needs, ability, knowledge, understanding and performance in the classroom. This seems to imply the primary role teachers play in classroom assessment process and the importance of linking formative and summative assessment to effectively enhance learners learning and report it to other stakeholders, including parents, other teachers, learners themselves, and school authorities. In this section, the functions of classroom assessment, in terms of formative and summative assessment, will be discussed, particularly with assessment for learning, through a review of the literature in relation to the role of both formative and summative assessment in classrooms. 2.3.1 The Role of Formative and Summative Assessment Classroom teachers are in the front line of assisting learners to develop their ability and enhance their learning, thus, it is crucial for teachers to recognize the different functions and characteristics between formative and summative assessments and to integrate them into everyday teaching and learning. Harlen and James (1997) share the different roles of formative and summative assessment in classroom assessment. They urge the need to distinguish the differences between formative and summative assessment, in terms of the functions and characteristics, and then connect and wave them together. To reveal the complexities of the differences between formative and summative, some research reports have provided a variety of interpretations to help teachers to clarify the concept of formative and summative assessment. According to the report of Task Group on Assessment and Testing, known as TGAT, it defines formative and summative assessment through clarifying the different purposes and timing between them. For formative assessment, teachers may use it to understand the the positive achievements of a pupil (DES/WO, 1988, para. 23) (Oksana: This is quite an old reference, is there anything newer/more recent on this point?)and then plan their teaching in order to help the pupil to reach to the next step. It highlights the dynamic process of teaching and learning in the classroom and more importantly, it points out the future direction through using the results of assessment. Formative assessment is a continuous process of adjusting teachers teaching and learners learning; meanwhile, summative assessment is used for systematic recording of learners overall achievement. In other words, teachers may use summative assessment to note learners performance, such as recording the grade or scores of teacher made and standardized tests, after a certain period of time. In 2001, Clarke expressed similar views in providing a clear illustration for formative and summative assessment: If we think of our children as plantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦summative assessment of the plants is the process of simply measuring them. The measurements might be interesting to compare and analyse, but, in themselves, they do not affect the growth of the plants. Formative assessment, on the other hand, is the garden equivalent of feeding and watering the plants directly affecting their growth (p2). As can be seen, the main function of formative assessment is to nurture pupils and improve learning, which is a continuous process of interaction between teachers and learners. For instance, in classrooms, teachers provide guidance for learners toward improvement through formative assessment feedback during the processes of teaching and learning. As for summative assessment, it takes place after the teaching and learning. Teachers may grade or make judgments in relation to learners learning in order to inform and report to other stakeholders. In the classroom, teachers use formative assessment to help learners learning as well as modify their own teaching methods and materials. They also use summative assessment to assign grades and report attainment at the end of a school year for administrative purposes (Bachman Palmer 1996). As such, formative assessment requires the ability of the teacher to diagnose learners performance, in terms of what causes him or her to get struck, and to help learner to understand what to learn, how they learn, and how well they have learned. 2.3.2 Formative Classroom Assessment: assessment for learning More recently, the focus of the classroom assessment studies has shifted from forms of test to the interactions between assessment and classroom learning. This shift also highlights the importance of the improvement of learning through formative teacher assessment. Black and Wiliam (1998) review a variety of past research studies in relation to classroom formative assessment. They point out that several empirical studies show evidence to support the claim that improving formative assessment do raise standards and help pupils learning, particularly with low ability pupils. They also present evidence in relation to how teachers use formative assessment practices and strategies to enhance pupils learning in the field of general education. A broader explanation of formative assessment is provided by Black and Wiliam, they illustrate that all those activities undertaken by teachers, and/or by their students, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged (1998, p.7). Their interpretation not only points out that formative assessment activities can be used by both teachers and learners but also indicates how teachers and students use feedback to adjust the teaching and learning. From this perspective, formative assessment is embedded in teaching and learning and can be used to prompt learner learning. Key formative assessment strategies, such as effective teacher feedback, teacher scaffolding, self- and peer- assessment, and raising learners self-esteem and motivation, may be integrated and embedded within teacher-learner(s) interactions(Rea-Dickins 2006). As can be seen, the activities that conduct by teachers, such as observation, teacher made tests, take-home tasks, and learners, including self- and peer- assessment, would provide information to help both teachers and learners improve themselves. Further, Brindley (2001) points out formative assessment should undertake by teachers during the learning process, by doing so, teachers can use the results to improve instruction (p. 137). In addition, Sadler (1989) connects formative assessment with feedback and believes that feedback to teachers and to learners are separate. He suggests that the aim of using feedback for teachers is to diagnose learners performance and modify their teaching in order to help learners to enhance their abilities; meanwhile, for learners, the purpose of using feedback is to monitor their performance and understand their own learning weaknesses and strengths. Further, Tunstall and Gipps (1996, p.393) identify two types of feedback used by teachers in classrooms: evaluative and descriptive feedback respectively. They suggest that the former seems to be more close to affective and conative (effort-based) aspects of learning with a performance goal, whereas the latter places the emphasis on the cognitive development with a mastery goal. Teachers act as facilitators in providing descriptive types of feedback, such as making suggestions and questioning as part of discussion, rather than directing (p. 401). As can be seen, there is a greater links between descriptive feedback and formative assessment. However, Torrance and Pryor (1998) point out that teacher feedback may have a negative influence on learners, for instance, when the teacher tries to correct learners mistakes which may lead to the impression of learners producing wrong answers. It may even be seen as criticism by the pupils and discourage learners self-esteem. Further, teacher feedback with praise may result in encouraging competition among learners instead of increasing learners motivation. Thus, it is important for teachers to recognize the influences and impact of formative assessment feedback on learner motivation and self-esteem. To sum up, classroom assessment is used by teachers to collect data in relation to the process and attainment of learners with aim of responding to individual needs and curricular demands. Formative assessment is crucial in enhancing learner learning and closing the gap between learners actual level and potential level. The following section explored assessment of young language learners in a foreign classroom context through review of past research studies in relation to classroom assessment in practice. 2.4Research on Assessment of Young Learners in the EFL Classrooms In this section, the relevant research studies of classroom assessment of young language learners are explored, followed by introducing a unique Taiwanese educational context, in terms of learning English in private ESL schools, as the classroom assessment context in this research. 2.4.1 Classroom Assessment of Young Language Learners Rea-Dickins (2000) points out that since the 1990s research studies in relation to assessment for foreign language learners has been more in evidence (e.g., Low et al., 1993; McKay et al., 1994; Edelenbos and Johnstone,1996; Breen et al., 1997; Leung and Teasdale, 1997). Language Testing proposes a special issue that is focusing on assessment for young language learners, who ages 5 to about 12, in the school system. The key idea of these reports in this issue is related to a variety of purposes for assessment for young language learners within an early years language learning curriculum which results in raising the awareness of wider issues in relation to assessment of young language learners, such as how the validity of classroom-based assessment is achieved. Teadeale and Leung (2000) draw the attention to the validity of implement alternative assessment and monitoring learners learning performance through teacher assessment. Rea-Dickins and Gardner (2000) also look at the same issue in relation to the implementation of formative classroom assessment, in terms of keeping track of learners language development, in the English as a Second Language (ESL) context. Their findings suggest the potential variables which may influence the validity of teacher assessment during the assessment procedure. This is followed by Gattullo who explores the way to implement formative assessment in the Italian primary foreign language classroom, where English is taught since grade 3 (age 8). She investigates different formative assessment processes through analyzing classroom assessment discourses and she also observes the everyday interactions between teachers and learners. The results suggest that instead of using formative assessment actions which may be m ore beneficial for learning, including observing process, examining product and metacognitive questioning; teachers use more common actions, such as questioning, correcting and judging. Continuing the theme of formative assessment of primary learners in the EFL context, Zangl (2000) provides the methods of assessment to gain information in relation to primary-age learners language skills. She argues that teachers may be able to draw a developmental picture for individual learners, including their general interactional skills and specific language skills, through ongoing assessment throughout primary school. Hasselgren (2000) looks at the innovative ways to develop materials, such as tests, teacher assessment, and learners self-assessment, which can improve both teachers and learners assessment skills in Norwegian primary schools. In the context of Norway, one significant difference is that there is no tradition of testing for young language learners due to local policy. This contributes to high-demand assessment methods, particularly in materials development and task design, and to the implementation of formative assessment, in terms of assessment for learning. Both teachers and learners are encouraged to develop their ability to assess. As can be seen, the national policy is one of important variables that influences teachers attitude towards integrating classroom-based assessment into their everyday language teaching. It is also crucial to take variables, such as learners prior cultural knowledge, teachers knowledge and ability in assessment, and the English curriculum, into account when assessing primary-age learners of English as a foreign language. Teachers should choose and design the appropriate assessment material for Young language learners. The material should be well adapted to learners cognitive and linguistic skills and to their interests. The work of Hasselgren suggests that classroom assessment may be influenced by a variety of factors, particularly by the national policy. These external elements, such as the government policy and English curriculum, may have direct impact on the implementation of assessment, teachers attitude towards classroom assessment and their classroom assessment practices in the EFL context. A brief history of primary school English education in Taiwan is explored in the next section to gain insight into a special English classroom in Taiwan. 2.4.2 ESL Program in Taiwan English teaching and learning for young learners has become increasingly important in Asian countries, such as Taiwan, China, Japan and Korea, where learners study English as a Foreign Language (EFL) over the past few decades. At this point it is useful to clarify some terminology before introducing the English educational context in Taiwan. The term English as a Second Language (ESL) used in countries, , such as Canada, North America and Australia, which refers to learners who are using English as the medium of instruction in school contexts but who are not English first language (L1) speakers (Rea-Dickins, 2000, p. 115). On the other hand, the term English as Foreign Language (EFL) refers to when English is taught to non-native English speakers in non- English speaking areas, such as Europe, Asia, and Africa. In 1997, the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan decided to implement curricular and instructional reforms in elementary and junior high school education. One of the most significant changes is that English courses are officially introduced in grade 3 (age 9) with two 40-minute lessons per week (Ministry of Education, Republic of China, 2010). Since then, learning English has become a popular movement for young learners from the ages of 5 to 12 across the country. Butler (2004) points out that some Asian countries, such as Korea, Taiwan, and Japan, have introduced English language instruction at the elementary school level, with special focus on oral communication skills. Although the officially suggested starting age is 9, most parents want their children to learn English as soon as possible. The assumption of the younger the better in foreign language acquisition is supported by many Taiwanese parents, who believe an early start will help their children to achieve greater profici ency. These factors above contribute to the significant growth in the number of cram schools and private language schools across the country over the last decade. Cram school also known as abuxiban in Taiwan are very common and popular in competitive Asian countries, particularly in Taiwan and Japan. The aim of these schools is to help pupils to enhance their achievement scores (Harnisch, 1994; Oneil Fukumura, 1992; Stevenson Stigler, 1992). In 1999, a report from China Central News, on 6 April 1999, stated that at least more than one quarter of elementary pupils attend private language institutions after school to learn English. Tsai and Kuo (2008) report that there are more than 5,000 cram schools in Taiwan. Most English cram schools offer additional after-school teaching to enhance pupils English ability. In particular, numerous so-called ESL schools aim to help Taiwanese learners to learn English as a Second Language (ESL) through using American elementary textbooks and teaching all subjects, including handwriting, computer, music, social science, reading, math, science, grammar, phonics and writing, in English. They also offer an ESL p rogram to kindergarten children of 3 years old up to students in grade 6 (age 12). In general, kindergarten pupils and grade 1 to 2 learners receive an average of 4 to 5 lessons a day, each 30 minutes long. As for grade 3 to 6 learners, they receive approximately 2 to 3 lessons a day due to their longer elementary school hours. Such ESL schools provide a unique educational context to investigate these ESL English teachers perceptions of classroom assessment and their own classroom assessment practices.